olfactory receptor neurons การใช้

• Olfactory receptor neuron axons project through the cribriform plate to the olfactory bulb.
• Odors enter the nose ( or olfactory rosette in fishes ) and interact with the cilia of olfactory receptor neurons.
• New olfactory receptor neurons must project their axons through the central nervous system to an olfactory bulb in order to be functional.
• "' Stuart J . Firestein "', Columbia University, where his laboratory is researching the vertebrate olfactory receptor neuron.
• Olfactory receptor neurons ( the little pieces of your nervous system which stick out into the air, allowing you to smell things ) do regenerate.
• At the glomerular layer, axons from the olfactory receptor neurons intermingle with dendrites from intrinsic olfactory bulb neurons : mitrial / tufted cells and dopaminergic periglomerular cells.
• The antennal lobe has two types of neurons that synapse with the olfactory receptor neurons in the antennae and maxillary palps, the local interneurons and projection neurons.
• In recent years, researchers have begun studying individual living olfactory receptor neurons _ the nerve cells that translate chemical molecules in the air into electrical signals to the brain.
• :The olfactory receptor neurons connect to the olfactory nerve which connects to the olfactory bulb which connects to other parts of the brain via the olfactory tract-see olfactory system.
• The afferent nerve fibers of the olfactory receptor neurons, transmit nerve impulses about odors to the central nervous system, where they are perceived by the sense of smell ( olfaction ).
• The hydrophilic domain of carrier protein ASP1 binds to an apolar region of 9ODA, forming a complex that is transported to olfactory receptors located in the olfactory receptor neurons ( ORNs ).
• Once the odorant has bound to the odor receptor, the receptor undergoes structural changes and it binds and activates the olfactory-type G protein on the inside of the olfactory receptor neuron.
• Examples in humans include the olfactory receptor neuron and Meissner's corpuscle, which are critical for the sense of ganglion cells, produce action potentials, which then travel up the optic nerve.
• The interaction between the olfactory receptor neurons, local neurons and projection neurons reformats the information input from the sensory neurons into a spatio-temporal code before it is sent to higher brain centers.
• Olfactory receptor neurons have an average lifespan of 6 8 weeks and therefore must be replaced by cells differentiated from the stem cells that are within a layer at the nearby epithelium's base.
• Another specific cause of permanent loss could be from damage to olfactory receptor neurons because of use of certain types of nasal spray; i . e ., those that cause vasoconstriction of the nasal microcirculation.
• The cAMP opens cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels which allow calcium and sodium ions to enter into the cell, depolarizing the olfactory receptor neuron and beginning an action potential which carries the information to the brain.
• In contrast, a permanent loss of smell may be caused by death of olfactory receptor neurons in the nose or by brain injury in which there is damage to the olfactory nerve or damage to brain areas that process smell.
• About 20 years later, Max Mozell published a series of studies wherein he further proposed that the flow rate and the sorption properties of odorants interplay to affect the location of odorant binding to olfactory receptor neurons in the nose and consequentially odor input to the brain.
• A glomerulus is made up of a globular tangle of axons from the olfactory receptor neurons, and dendrites from the mitral and tufted cells, as well as, from cells that surround the glomerulus such as the external tufted cells, periglomerular cells, short axon cells, and astrocytes.